瑞典國家銀行riksbank
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Sveriges Riksbank, or simply Riksbanken, is the central bank of Sweden and the world's oldest central bank.[2] It is sometimes called the Swedish National Bank or the Bank of Sweden.
The Riksbank began its operations in 1668, its antecedent being Stockholms Banco (also known as the Bank of Palmstruch), which was founded by Johan Palmstruch in 1656. Although the bank was private, it was the King who chose its management: in a letter to Palmstruch he gave permission to its operations according to stated regulations.
However, Stockholms Banco, the world's oldest note-issuing bank collapsed as a result of the issuing of too many notes without the necessary collateral. Palmstruch, who was considered responsible for the bank's losses, was condemned to death, but later received clemency. On September 17, 1668, the privilege of Palmstruch to operate a bank, was transferred to the Riksens Ständers Bank (translation: Bank of the Estates of the Realm) and was run under the auspices of the parliament of the day. Due to the failure of Stockholm Banco the new bank was managed under the direct control of the Riksdag of the Estates to prevent the interference of the King. When a new Riksdag was instituted in 1866, the name of the bank was changed to Sveriges Riksbank.
Having learnt the lesson of the Stockholms Banco experience, the Riksbank was not permitted to issue bank-notes. Nevertheless, in 1701 permission was granted to issue so called credit-notes. Some time in the middle of the 18th century counterfeit notes began appearing which caused serious problems. To prevent forgeries it was decided that the Riksbank should produce its own paper for bank-notes and a paper-mill, Tumba Bruk, was founded in Tumba, on the outskirts of Stockholm.
A few years later, the first commercial banks were founded and these were also allowed to issue bank-notes. The bank-notes represented a claim to the bank without interest paid, and thus became a considerable source of income to the banks. Nonetheless, security in the form of a deposit at the Riksbank was required to cover the value of all notes issued.
During the 19th century the Riksbank maintained a dominant position as a credit institution and issuer of bank-notes. The bank also managed national trade transactions as well as continuing to provide credit to the general public. The first branch-office was opened in 1824, later followed with subsidiary branches opening in each county (län). The present operational activities as a central bank differ from those during the 19th century. For example, no interest-rate related activities were conducted.
瑞典中央銀行(瑞典語:Sveriges Riksbank、Riksbanken),又名瑞典國家銀行、舊譯瑞典銀行,始創于1668年,是瑞典的中央銀行,也是世界上曆史最悠久的中央銀行[3]。在1968年成立三百周年時,為紀念阿爾弗雷德諾貝爾,瑞典央行出資設立了瑞典銀行經濟學獎,即諾貝爾經濟學獎。
瑞典央行隸屬瑞典議會,發行瑞典克朗,負責貨币政策維持物價穩定,維系一個安全和有效率的支付系統。瑞典央行認為物價穩定有賴于低而穩定的通貨膨脹,消費者物價指數應維持在百分之二左右。瑞典央行管理約二千億瑞典克朗資産,以實行貨币政策、買賣外彙,以及在需要時為銀行提供緊急流動現金支援
瑞典中央銀行的前身為約翰帕姆斯特魯奇于1656年成立的斯德哥爾摩銀行(Stockholms Banco),為瑞典第一間銀行。斯德哥爾摩銀行雖為私人銀行,但受到國家嚴密監管。雖然斯德哥爾摩銀行發行了歐洲第一批鈔票,但由于公衆對這批鈔票缺乏信心,銀行于1664年倒閉。4年後,瑞典國會成立國會銀行(Riksens Ständers Bank),直接由國會規管。國會銀行資助了瑞典對外用兵,如斯科讷戰争和大北方戰争。1701年,銀行發行名為transportsedlar的票據,即現代鈔票的前身。
1866年,瑞典議會取代舊有國會,國會銀行改為現名。1873年,瑞典加入斯堪的納維亞貨币聯盟,實行金本位,并開始發行瑞典克朗。1897年,《國家銀行法案》(Riksbankslagen)通過,國家銀行正式成為瑞典的中央銀行,享有獨家發行鈔票的權利